If you’re interested in learning more about the history of ancient Egypt, you’ve probably heard of some of the most famous Egyptian Queens. These women ruled the nation during different periods in history. You’ve likely heard of Cleopatra, Nefertiti, and Manetho. But did you know that there were also many other important women from ancient Egypt? Here’s a look at some of them.
Nefertiti
The most famous Egyptian queen of all time, Nefertiti married the future pharaoh Amenhotep IV when she was just fifteen. They ruled together for over thirty years, and had six children. One of her daughters later married the future pharaoh Tutankhamen. Another daughter, Ankhesenpaaten, became his queen. But how did Nefertiti come to be one of the most famous Egyptian queens?
The first of her children, a son, was named Akhenaten. Later, the couple had a son, and Akhenaten ruled for another 40 years. However, when the cult of Amen-Ra became popular, Nefertiti became the most famous Egyptian queen of all time.
Nefertiti played a prominent role in ceremonial acts during her lifetime. She lived with her family in the Malkata palace in Thebes. She was also the chief wife of Pharaoh Akhenaten, who had adopted her name after his father’s death. The art from this time period reveals the closeness of the family, with Nefertiti depicted in a more naturalistic way than her contemporaries. She was also involved in the Aten cult.
Cleopatra
Cleopatra, the most important Egyptian queen in history, is remembered as a notorious temptress, with a mastery of the art of seduction. Born in Alexandria, Egypt, in 69 BC, she was a member of the Greek-speaking Ptolemaic dynasty. She studied many subjects, including mathematics and the philosophy of the Greek god Dionysus.
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Cleopatra wanted Egypt to remain independent from Rome and sought to expand Egypt’s trade with eastern nations. The Egyptian queen also allied herself with the Roman general Mark Antony, hoping to prevent Octavian from making Egypt a vassal state. Although Cleopatra had a love affair with Antony, the two eventually formed an alliance to defeat Octavian, the new king of Rome.
Cleopatra’s intelligence was well regarded. Her native language was Koine Greek, but she learned to speak and write at a high level of fluency in several other languages. This ability enabled her to speak with her armies without having to translate them.
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Manetho
Manetho was a Greek author and Egyptologist. Her works are largely attributed to the reigns of Ptolemy I Soter and Ptolemy II Philadelphos, but she is also linked to Ptolemy III Euergetes. Her biography is known from the Hibeh Papyri, which date from 240/1 BCE.
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Manetho wrote a history that was not entirely reliable. Her works include the first detailed list of Egyptian pharaohs, dividing their reigns into dynasties. These dynasties are grouped into several periods, including the Early Period (3000 B.C.) and the Graeco-Roman Period (c. 332 B.C.-395 A.D.), as well as the reigns of Nectanebo II, the last Egyptian-born pharaoh. Ankha Zone is an interesting character that has developed recently.
Manetho’s dynastic list includes the names of kings and deities. Although she does not transliterate the names of these deities, she gives their Greek equivalents. This pre-dynastic convention helps explain the syncretism between ancient Egyptian and Greek religions. The list also includes a list of Greek and Egyptian gods.
Ankhesenamun
The famous pharaoh Tutankhamun was buried when he was only 18 years old, leaving his wife, the 19-year-old Ankhesenamun, to rule the country. As the last surviving member of the royal family, Ankhesenamun hoped to gain support from the Hittites king to continue the rule of the Egyptian pharaoh. Her plan failed, however, when the prince was murdered on Egypt’s border.
In the New Kingdom, the role of the queen increased. She was granted secular and religious titles, estates, and servants, and her status increased dramatically. She also received an independent source of income from her title as the God’s Wife of Amun. Ankhesenamun wore a crown, which was common among the New Kingdom queens to signify her increasing status and power.
Ankhesenamun had several children. The first two were male, but the second son, Tutankhamun, was born to Ankhesenamun and his wife, Queen Nefertiti. The couple ruled Egypt for three years. Ankhesenamun’s name was changed after the traditional gods were re-instituted during the Atenist period. Her second name, Ankhesenpaaten, means “life for Aten.”
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